Beethoven: life mask (c.1812). The mask was taken by sculptor ... of his many physicians because of the effect on his bowels. Ludwig was partial to an alcoholic beverage too.

On March 27, 1827, the day after Ludwig van Beethoven's death, his associates uncovered a hidden trove of documents in his desk. Among them was the Heiligenstadt Testament, a letter written in 1802 to ...

Beethoven was convinced that the ‘van’ in his ... show up in the life mask made in 1812 and in the photograph taken of his skull in 1863 when the body was exhumed. In a document dated 1802 and not ...