Water shortens the shelf life of DNA. Biosample integrity is questionable for samples stored in a wet environment owing to the persistent risk of DNA hydrolysis, even at low temperature.

The fundamental reaction in homologous recombination is the exchange ... increasing the probability of encountering homology. On ATP hydrolysis, which releases the DNA, a new heteroduplex is produced ...

Chemical synthesis methods include the cyclization of urea with β-aminoacrylonitrile or the hydrolysis of 2-amino-4,6-dichloropyrimidine. Cytosine can also be isolated from DNA or RNA through ... and ...