Methods of warfare were brutal, especially those employed by Rwandan soldiers and Tutsi groups. When Mobutu fled Kinshasa, the Kabila-Kagame coalition won the First Congo War in 1997.

Rwandan company Boss Mining Solution accused of buying smuggled minerals from Congolese rebels, fuelling insurgency.

A Reuters analysis of customs records found Boss Mining in 2024 exported at least 150 metric tons of coltan worth $6.6 ...